PLUE111 Introduction to Law Practice Test

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• Which of the following is a common criminal defense?
• What role does the US Vice President play in the legislative branch?
• Which organization is the political base of the people's administration?
• What constitutes consideration in a contract?
• What is the minimum number of official Party members needed to form a grassroots Party organisation?
• The divine right of kings holds that:
• Which statement best describes copyright duration?
• To amend the Constitution under Section 128, a referendum must win:
• By default, when does an Australian Act commence if no date or proclamation is specified?
• Which statement correctly distinguishes ratio decidendi from obiter dicta?
• In 1979, Callaghan's government lost a confidence vote by:
• How many centuries did the Roman Centuriate Assembly contain, and how many did the landless poor receive?
• In a presidential system such as the US, the President generally serves as:
• Which judicial philosophy cites the 9th Amendment to support expansive interpretation of rights?
• Who wrote that 'ambition must be made to counteract ambition'?
• How is the General Secretary of the CPV chosen, and what is the term limit?
• Which scholar warned that a divided executive (cohabitation) could delay decisions?
• In Jefferson's view, the artificial aristocracy is:
• Which official has the tie-breaking vote in the Senate?
• Which statement best captures the difference between criminal law and civil law in terms of objectives and sanctions?
• The risk of semi-presidential systems making the president more powerful than in most pure presidential systems is called:
• Under the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, who became Head of the Judiciary in England and Wales?
• According to Walter Bagehot, which part of the two-part constitution is associated with the governance and execution of policy?
• Which country is cited as an example in discussing the risk of over-presidentialisation in mixed democracy?
• How should a lawyer address conflicts of interest when they arise?
• Under the Constitution of Japan, the sole law-making organ is:
• Yom & Gause explain Arab monarchies' survival of the 2011 Arab Spring through which three strategies?
• Which constitutional provision limits a US President to being elected no more than twice?
• What term is used to describe a stalemate when the Senate blocks a bill and the lower house cannot pass it?
• Define relevance in evidence and explain why it is important.
• How did Marcus Licinius Crassus build his client base?
• In a constitutional monarchy, which body has the power to make laws?
• Which is a constitutional eligibility requirement for the US President?
• Who presides over the Senate trial when the President is impeached?
• Which statement best describes subject-matter vs personal jurisdiction?
• Which of the following best captures common ethical issues related to billing and timekeeping?
• Which case firmly established the principle of judicial review in the US?
• Section 3 of the Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022 is best described as:
• Which factors must be balanced when evaluating admissibility beyond relevance?
• Under Article 87, the State President is:
• In tort law, how is the standard of care determined for professionals?
• Which of the following is NOT a category of monarchy by succession?
• In negligence, damages refer to what?
• What are 'expectation damages' in contract law designed to do?
• Which defense may bar recovery if a plaintiff knowingly faced danger?
• Under Section 53 of the Australian Constitution, what can the Senate NOT do?
• Which example illustrates Congress overriding a presidential veto?
• In impeachment process, which statement is correct?
• If no presidential candidate wins an electoral majority, how does the contingent election work?
• Which decision of Frederick II is presented as harmful to Prussia?
• Under the 1958 French Constitution, the President of the Republic is elected for:
• How many electoral votes must a US presidential candidate win to take office through the regular process?
• Which statement about judicial review standards is accurate?
• In A. V. Dicey's view, parliamentary sovereignty means:
• What is the term length for a US Senator?
• What is judicial review and what standards might courts use to evaluate agency decisions?
• Which statement about due process is correct?
• After the 2025 reform, which court remains the top judicial authority?
• Which describes express terms versus implied terms?
• Which is an example of substantive law?
• Which of the following best describes a patent?
• In the described ancient Roman arrangement, how did the proletarii fare in terms of voting power?
• According to John Locke, which functions should be separated?
• Which element concerns the parties' intent to create legal relations?
• What can the Prime Minister trigger under Section 57 if the Senate repeatedly blocks a bill?
• Under Section 109, if a valid Federal law conflicts with a State law:
• Which statement correctly describes what ADR includes and its purpose?
• What distinguishes an offer from an invitation to treat?
• In political theory, which statement best defines oligarchy?
• What is the difference between a deed and a title, and why is recording important?
• According to Article 69, the National Assembly is:
• In Australia's 1999 referendum on becoming a republic, what was the result?
• Which statement correctly describes a freehold estate?
• What term describes delegated legislation that goes beyond the powers conferred by its enabling Act?
• Who helped defeat the coup attempt of 23 February 1981 by ordering the military to defend the constitutional order on television?
• Jefferson criticised the ‘artificial aristocracy’ because it is founded on:
• What is summary judgment, and when may it be granted?
• What is the primary purpose of discovery in civil litigation?
• Under the Human Rights Act 1998, when a UK court finds legislation incompatible with Convention rights, it can:
• Which of the following best differentiates substantive law from procedural law?
• Which mechanism is described as 'referendum called by parliament'?
• After the 2025 reform, Vietnam's court system was reorganised into:
• What is the principle under which leadership bodies are elected, decisions are collective with individual accountability, and the minority follows the majority?
• Which term describes a sign that distinguishes goods or services in commerce?
• Amending the Australian Constitution requires a referendum that achieves:
• Stare decisis promotes which principle?
• In the concept of the divine right, to whom is the monarch primarily accountable?
• Why does an aristocratic republic count as a republic?
• What is the correct hierarchical order of the sources of law from highest to lowest?
• Linz warned that 'politicking and intrigues' between president and prime minister may delay decisions. This refers to:
• Which two foundational values of democracy does the Council of Europe identify?
• Which body is the local executive and organ of state administration, elected by the People's Council?
• What is the defining feature of a parliamentary democracy?
• Which article establishes the CPV as the leading force of the State and society?
• In what year did Montesquieu publish The Spirit of the Laws?
• According to Bagehot's two-part constitution, the 'Dignified' part is primarily responsible for:
• Delegated legislation that goes beyond its enabling Act is:
• Under the Best Evidence Rule, when is a copy of the original acceptable?
• Which statement accurately describes a mortgage?
• Which topic is NOT typically a focus of early professional responsibility training?
• Which statement accurately describes the ethical duties governing attorney-client communications?
• Which statement best defines a monarchy?
• Which option reflects the main components of a civil pleading (e.g., complaint) in many jurisdictions?
• Which body has the sole power to impeach federal officers?
• Which statement best describes the meaning of mens rea?
• Under the Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022, which section provides for automatic dissolution?
• What is the primary objective of using alternative dispute resolution processes?
• Vietnam's political system comprises which three bodies?
• In Miller/Cherry (2019), the Supreme Court ruled that Boris Johnson's advice to prorogue Parliament was:
• Which document sets out the UK convention of cabinet collective responsibility as cited in the script?
• What practices best protect client confidentiality in digital records?
• Which US example does the paper use to show how democratic pressure reshapes law?
• Under the Best Evidence Rule, what is normally required to prove the contents of a writing?
• According to Article 2(2) of Vietnam's Constitution, state power is founded on the alliance of:
• How is Australia's Governor-General appointed?
• Who formalised the modern tripartite doctrine of separation of powers?
• How many total electoral votes are there in the U.S. Electoral College?
• Which body elects the State President?
• How many members does the US House of Representatives have and how long are its terms?
• Which best describes 'consequential damages'?
• Which standard of proof applies in civil cases?
• The contested 2000 US presidential election illustrates:
• Which two components make up 'mixed democracy' according to the material?
• What is vicarious liability and give an example?
• Which statement best describes arbitration?
• Which system's executive is formed from, and remains accountable to, the legislature?
• Which is listed as a disadvantage of a democratic republic (Diamond, 2004)?
• Which of the following is a basic requirement for patentability?
• Describe the separation of powers and its practical implications for lawmaking, enforcement, and adjudication.
• Express terms are typically stated in writing or orally. Which statement best describes express terms?
• Which document published by the Cabinet Office describes cabinet collective responsibility?
• Which IRAC component best describes the structure used to organize legal reasoning in case briefs and exam answers?
• Which charter article governs the selection and term limits of the General Secretary?
• The motto 'The people know, discuss, do, inspect, supervise, and benefit' in Vietnam describes:
• Under the mirror image rule, what is the effect of a counteroffer?
• Which scholar argued that semi-presidential systems can make the president 'even more powerful than in most pure presidential systems'?
• Which provision describes revival of prerogative powers in the Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022?
• Which body is the highest administrative body at the national level?
• Walter Bagehot divided the constitution into two parts. The monarch belongs to the:
• At what age is enrolment mandatory for Australian federal elections?
• How many House of Representatives seats are needed to form government in Australia?
• Under Article I, Section 7 of the US Constitution, all bills for raising revenue must originate in:
• Which term best describes a political system where power is concentrated in the hands of a few individuals for selfish interests?
• Which statement about Australian elections is correct?
• Which statement differentiates causation in fact from proximate causation?
• Which of the following is NOT a primary discovery tool used in civil litigation?
• Which statement is NOT associated with the divine right of kings?
• What is the purpose of professional responsibility training in a first-year law practice course?
• According to UDHR Article 21, what shall be the basis of the authority of government?
• Which pair correctly defines actus reus and mens rea?
• Why is the presentation of the Roman popular assemblies described as a ‘pseudo-democratic facade’?
• The word ‘aristocracy’ combines which Greek terms?
• Which of the following is NOT one of the four elements of a valid contract?
• What does the Latin origin of the word republic (res publica) mean?
• Which description best fits the Living Constitution approach?
• What is the rulemaking process in administrative law, including notice-and-comment and adjudication?
• Which event caused the prevalence of absolute monarchies to fall sharply by introducing popular sovereignty?
• What is the purpose of a client intake and engagement letter?
• Which practice is recommended for managing client files and professional records?
• Which Act repealed the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011?
• In Miller (2017), the UK Supreme Court held that:
• In a contingent election, which body selects the Vice President?
• In a semi-presidential system, the Prime Minister is typically:
• In administrative rulemaking, which option correctly describes the required sequence of steps?
• Which statement about contributory and comparative negligence is correct?
• Which two institutional frameworks define 'mixed democracy'?
• Which statement about recording a deed is true?
• When is specific performance an appropriate remedy?
• In Federalist No. 78, why did Alexander Hamilton call the judiciary the "least dangerous branch"?
• Which is NOT one of the five socio-political organisations named in Article 9(2), amended in 2025?
• What happened in the French referendum of 29 May 2005?
• Which is a hearsay exception related to records kept in the regular course of business?
• How should a lawyer address a newly arising conflict of interest for an existing client?
• Which of the following is a common defense to contract formation or enforcement?
• Which semi-direct mechanism lets citizens draft and propose new statutes or amendments for a binding public vote?
• Which body is described as a pseudo-democratic façade in the context of Roman assemblies?
• Which form of government is characterized by citizens voting directly on laws?
• Which statement correctly contrasts the two systems?
• Which of the following is a commonly recognized criminal defense?
• Which entity administers federal elections in Australia?
• In tort law, how is proximate cause defined and why is foreseeability relevant?
• Which is a common exception to the hearsay rule?
• Which IRAC component identifies the governing rule that applies to the facts?
• What is the doctrine of stare decisis and why is it important in common law systems?
• What is the term length for a member of the US House of Representatives?
• Which of the following best states the four essential elements of negligence in tort law?
• In a presidential system, the president's term is typically fixed and not dependent on the legislature's confidence.
• Which statement best defines hearsay?
• The 1979 confidence vote illustrates a tension between which branches?
• Which protection corresponds to brand identifiers?
• What are liens and mortgages, and how do they affect property transactions?
• Are obiter dicta binding as precedent?
• Why is Australia’s political system informally called Washminster?
• A trademark must be distinctive to identify the source of goods or services. Which form of distinctiveness can be acquired through use and recognition?